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The Waugh Family Ancient History The following information (still a work-in-progress) has been pieced together from various on-line sources to provide an overall historical perspective on the migrations of our Waugh Family ancestors and the People that we came to be...
Paleolithic man reached western Europe approximately 50,000 years ago. With the advance of the last ice age, these people survived in glacial refuges in southern Europe and migrated northward with the retreat of the ice.
R1b
"This and related R1b haplotypes
originated in Europe during the
Paleolithic. During the Ice Age, the
carriers of R1b wintered in the
Pyrenees. When the Ice Age ended, these
carriers radiated across Western Europe.
They became the pre-Roman population of
Spain, France, the British Isles, and
large portions of the Rhineland,
Belgium, The Netherlands, Switzerland
and Northern Italy. Although the Celtic
language itself has roots in Asia, the
indigenous people of Western Europe
became its primary speakers. They
comprised the largest proportion of
those people we know from history as
"Celtic", and remain so today.
Traditional areas of Celtic settlement
are Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Cornwall,
Brittany, and Galicia in Northern Spain.
Celtic culture is epitomized
archaeologically by the La Tene
settlement, which existed near Lake
Neuchatel in Switzerland during the Iron
Age. The Paleolithic population of
Europe also became one of the earliest
components of the Spanish, Italian and
German peoples, and were among the first
speakers of the the Romance languages
and the Teutonic languages, even though
the Indo-European source of these
languages, too, lay elsewhere. The
Basques, who are perhaps the purest
"Paleolithic" population in Europe, do
not speak a Celtic language and are not
Celts, even though they are ancestrally
related to those who are. R1b does not
mean "Celtic". And, even though R1b is
found everywhere in Western Europe,
no country in Western Europe is entirely
R1b, or has been so for a very long
time."
From
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gallgaedhil/haplo_r1b_amh_13_30.htm
Male Line Informatiom: Y-group
R1b
"All members of Y-group R1b can trace their Y-chromosomes back to one man who is thought to have lived about 35,000 years ago. This man may have belonged to a group of hunter-gatherers, who were among the first modern humans to colonize Europe. Such groups likely took refuge in Northwestern Spain during the last Ice-Age, when most other parts of Europe were uninhabitable. When the Ice-Age waned, between 10 and 15 thousand years ago, the descendants of these groups are thought to have expanded into previously uninhabitable regions of Europe. Today, members of Y-group R1b are primarily found in European populations, where it is the most common Y-group. In Europe, the highest concentration of Y-group R1b members is in the west, in the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula, where it accounts for 60 to 70 percent of all males. The frequency of Y-group R1b members decreases as we move further east within Europe and becomes negligible east of Central and South Asia. A subset of Y-chromosomes found within Y-group R1b show an interesting correlation with surnames purported to have descended from the most powerful and enduring dynasty of early medieval Ireland, the Uí Néill, literally translated as “descendants of Niall”. Gaelic genealogies were important records used to validate claims to prestige and power and linked most ruling families in the northern part of Ireland to the Uí Néill, who claimed high-kingship of Ireland from the 7th to the 11th century AD. The ultimate origin of this dynasty is attributed to the conquering sons of the eponymous and possibly mythological 5th-century warlord, Niall of the Nine Hostages." From http://demo.decodeme.com/ancestry/male-line-info/R1b Notes on Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b R1b (previously known as Hg1 and Eu18) is the most prolific haplogroup in Europe and its frequency changes in a cline from west (where it reaches a saturation point of almost 100% in areas of Western Ireland) to east (where it becomes uncommon in parts of Eastern Europe and virtually disappears beyond the Middle East). A R1b haplotype (a set of marker scores indicative of the haplogroup) is very difficult to interpret in that they are found at relatively high frequency in the areas where the Anglo - Saxon and Danish "invaders" originally called home (e.g., 55% in Friesland), and even up to 30% in Norway. Thus a R1b haplotype makes it very challenging to determine the origin of a family with this DNA signature. During the Last Glacial Maximum, about 18,000 years ago, the people bearing the R1b haplogroup over wintered in Northern Spain (see map1). After the glacial retreat about 12,000 years before present, R1b began a migration to the north in large numbers (see map 2), and to the east in declining numbers. R1b probably arrived in Spain from the east 30,000 years ago among the paleolithic or "old stone age" peoples considered to be aboriginal to Europe). It is believed that everyone who is R1b is a descendant in the male line from an individual known as "the patriarch" since his descendants account for over 40% of all the chromosomes of Europe. This haplogroup is characteristic of the Basques whose language is probably that of the first R1b, and who are genetically the closest to the original R1b population (which probably amounted to only a few thousand individuals).
Approximately 25,000 to 20,000 years ago, with the lowering of sea levels due to the affects of glaciation, Great Britain was connected to the mainland and the English Channel was a large river basin that drained much of Europe. Pleistocene hunter-gatherers were able to travel across the land to Britain.
The Ice Age in the Midlands and the Ancient Human
Occupation of Britain In Europe, the period from about 40,000 to 30,000 years ago saw the replacement Neanderthals by our own species, fully modern humans (Homo sapiens). The arrival of these modern humans is associated with more sophisticated stone tool types, dominated by the use of flint blades, and the first substantial use of bone and antler for tool manufacture. At the same time, the first art appears, both carved on bone and antler, and – on the continent – incised and painted on cave walls. These changes mark the transition to the Upper Palaeolithic. In Britain, there is evidence of early Upper Palaeolithic occupation, in both cave and open-air sites, from before 30,000 years ago, including at King Arthur’s Cave in Herefordshire. Human remains from around this time are best represented by the famous burial known as the ‘Red Lady’ (actually a male) from Paviland Cave on the Gower.
However, a major cold event, which peaked around 18,000 years ago, once again saw the abandonment of the British Isles. This cold event saw the last major advance of the ice sheets of the Devensian glaciation, which came as far south as Birmingham and covered much of Herefordshire. Britain was probably not re-colonised by humans until around 13,000 years ago. In the Midlands, artefacts from this late Upper Palaeolithic period have been found in caves in Herefordshire and Derbyshire. Further fluctuations in the climate ensued, the severest cold period of which probably again saw the abandonment of Britain, before the current warm phase (the Holocene) began about ten thousand years ago. From that time to the present the human occupation of Britain has been continuous. Europeans Trace Ancestry to Paleolithic
People
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Ancient Scotland |
The Tribes of Ancient Scotland
http://www.romanscotland.org.uk/pages/narratives/tribes.asp
Notwithstanding record that the British isles were known by its inhabitants as Albion, before the conquest period the Romans knew of the British isles as "Pretani" and the inhabitants as "Pretannikai". By the time of Julius Caesar`s forays in Britain the "P" had been replaced with a "B" to give the more familiar sounding "Britannia". It is recorded that Pretani means "people of the designs", and it will be a recurring theme for tattooing to be a notable influence on the Romans when naming later peoples.
The language spoken by these tribes was old British, correctly known as "Brythonic" or commonly now as "Old Welsh". It is of note that for long the inhabitants of Wales and southern Scotland refused to recognise the name "Wales" (ed. "walh"), it being the name given to the remaining free indigenous population in Britain in the post Roman period by the Germanic (ultimately English) invaders and means "Land of Romanised foreigners". On the contrary they knew themselves as the "Brythonaid" - the "British". Modern era English pretensions therefore to be the quintessential "British" could not be fabricated on shakier foundations!
In post Roman Scotland the Brythonic language was to be submerged as the language of the common people under the languages of the conquering elites: Gaelic speaking Scots from Ulster in the north west, old English by Anglian invaders in the south east though Brythonic survived well into the 11th C AD in the militarily powerhouse that was the British Kingdom of Strathclyde.
Selgovae
http://www.answers.com/topic/selgovae
A British tribe in southern Scotland. This tribe, whose name is thought to mean ‘hunters’, is referred to by the Greek geographer Ptolemy. His information places them in the southern uplands of Scotland centred in the upper Tweed basin, sandwiched between the Votadini to the east and the Novantes to the west.
Ptolemy's map, 140 A.D. showing the location of
the Selgovae
Selgovae
http://www.celtnet.org.uk/brythonic-tribes.html
As a tribe dwelling beyond Hadrian's wall little is known about the Selgovae. In his Geography, Ptolemy places the Selgovae in the Southern uplands of Scotland, though the precise extent of their territory is unknown. However, many modern scholars place them in the Tweed Basin, a site adjacent to the Votadini. Roman records tell us that the Selgovae were conquered in 79–80 CE, at the same time as the Votadini. As a result it is not entirely clear whether the Selgovae and Votadini were truly separate peoples or not. If the Selgovae can be considered a separate tribe then their main settlement was probably at Elidon Seat. The tribe's name can be derived from the reconstructed proto-Celtic *selgƒ- (hunt). Thus the Selgovae were 'The Hunters'.
Selgovae
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/710547/Selgovae
The prehistoric populations of Dumfriesshire left hill forts in the north, stone circles, camps, tumuli and cairns, and sculpted stones. The Celtic British inhabitants of the region were called Selgovae by the Romans, who built many forts in Annandale. There are traces of Roman roads, and at Birrens there is a well-preserved Roman camp. Many Roman artifacts have been found.
History (Eildon Hill Fort)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eildon_Hills
Excavations have found evidence that the hill fort was occupied by 1000 BC, in the Bronze age. The ramparts seem to have been built and rebuilt in three phases. At its peak the population of the hill could have been 3000 to 6000, the largest known in Scotland from this period. Evidence has not been found of a significant population in the immediate pre-Roman period. It was once widely believed that this Trimontium might be the Trimontium of the Selgovae that had been mentioned by the Roman geographer Ptolemy, but the source of the information was later discredited.
In the 1st century the Roman army built the massive fort of Trimontium, named after the three peaks, at the foot of the hill on the bank of the River Tweed. In association with it they constructed a signal tower with a tiled roof in an 11 m (36 ft) diameter enclosure built on the summit of the hill fort, which presumably had been abandoned. However, finds including Roman coins and pottery have suggested that some of the house platforms were again in use in the 2nd to 4th century.
According to Nuttall, the 1,385 feet (422 m) high "triple-crested
eminence" overlooks
Teviotdale to the South.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eildon_Hills
King Arthur is supposedly buried in the
Eildon Hills, which overlook the town.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose,_Scotland
Roman Empire during the time of
Hadrian A.D. 117
One of the greatest monuments to the power
- and limitations - of the Roman Empire,
Hadrian's Wall ran for 73 miles across open country.
http://www.aboutscotland.co.uk/hadrian/index.html
Why was it built?
At the time of Julius Caesar's first small invasion of the south coast of Britain in 55 BC, the British Isles, like much of mainland Europe was inhabited by many Celtic tribes loosely united by a similar language and culture but nevertheless each distinct. He returned the next year and encountered the 4000 war chariots of the Catevellauni in a land "protected by forests and marshes, and filled with a great number of men and cattle." He defeated the Catevellauni and then withdrew, though not before establishing treaties and alliances. Thus began the Roman occupation of Britain.
Nearly 100 years later, in 43 AD, the Emperor Claudius sent Aulus Plautius and about 24,000 soldiers to Britain, this time to establish control under a military presence. Although subjugation of southern Britain proceeded fairly smoothly by a combination of military might and clever diplomacy, and by 79 AD what is now England and Wales were firmly under control, the far North remained a problem. However, the Emperor Vespasian decided that what is now Scotland should also be incorporated into the Roman Empire. Under his instructions the governor of Britian, Julius Agricola, subdued the Southern Scottish tribal clans, the Selgovae, Novantae and Votadini by 81 AD. Further to the North lived loose associations of clans known collectively as the Caledonians. Agricola tried to provoke them into battle by marching an army into the Highlands eventually forcing a battle with the Caledonian leader Calgacus in present day Aberdeenshire at a place called Mons Graupius. 30,000 Caledonians were killed, but the Roman victory was a hollow one, for the next day the surviving clansmen melted away into the hills, and were to remain fiercely resistant and independent.
By the time Hadrian became Emperor in 117 AD the Roman Empire had ceased to expand. Hadrian was concerned to consolidate his boundaries. He visited Britain in 122 AD, and ordered a wall to be built between the Solway Firth in the West and the River Tyne in the east "to separate Romans from Barbarians".
Hadrian's and Antonine Wall
Post Roman Celtic Kingdoms -
Caer-Guendoleu (Selgovae / Salway)
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainCaerGuendoleu.htm
The name Salway evolved from that of the Celtic tribe, the Selgovae, who had settled the territory between the Cheviot Hills and Dumfries. Their capital was on North Eildon hill near Melrose, and the Romans later built the fort of Trimontium, at Newstead, nearby. This area crystallised as the kingdom of Caer-Guendoleu (named after the king who was most closely associated with the area, Gwenddolew, which has survived as modern Carwinley). This tribal domain may have been one of the 'four kingdoms of ancient Scotland' which apparently became establish in the second century.
By the end of the fourth century the bulk of the Selgovae northern and central territory seems to have been taken over by Alt Clut, and the remnants were part of Coel Hen's Kingdom of North Britain. As an independent territory, the Post-Roman kingdom centered on Caer-Guendoleu seems first to have been ruled by the son of Einion ap Mor, who was himself the first king of Ebrauc. Upon his death, his territory was divided between his sons, with Eliffer gaining Ebrauc itself, and Ceidio gaining the region north of the Salway (modern Solway). The new ruler's title reflected a remnant of Coel Hen's grander one.
When Ceidio's son was killed in battle in 573, close relatives in the powerful kingdom of North Rheged absorbed the territory, with Urien's two brothers ruling it, probably as a sub-kingdom. Once North Rheged had been crushed, its remnants, including whatever remained of Caer-Guendoleu, seem to have been taken over and held into the eleventh century by Alt Clut, although the situation regarding this is extremely sketchy.
Ancient History of the Surname Waugh
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